What is Literature?
Modern Year - 1914
Start of WW1 which left people became shell shocked, war no longer seen as glorious and magnificent this led to Art being influenced to portray horrors of war.
Virginia Wolf a very famous novelist, well known for her writing style known as stream of consciousness where all thoughts and feelings are written down, as if its your mind.
Sigma Freud was a very famous Psychologist his worked was centered on Psycho analysis, he believed everything is in our mind all thoughts and desires were in are mind.
One certain idea he had was that we each had certain desires he believed we fell in love as we wanted what are parents shared he believed people fancied there mum or dad.
Nietzsche was a man he looked at how religion was false and he expressed his thoughts that god was dead. One very famous quote "Hell must be here all the devils are here" - Shakespeare
Post Modern Era:
Things were seen as the point of view of an outsider.
'Black comedy' was introduced turning depressing and serious issues into comedian and laughable situations - Abusrd
existentialism meaning following your own morals and thoughts. This lead to political comedy where people wanting to change something (Dario Fo)
Virginia Wolf a very famous novelist, well known for her writing style known as stream of consciousness where all thoughts and feelings are written down, as if its your mind.
Sigma Freud was a very famous Psychologist his worked was centered on Psycho analysis, he believed everything is in our mind all thoughts and desires were in are mind.
One certain idea he had was that we each had certain desires he believed we fell in love as we wanted what are parents shared he believed people fancied there mum or dad.
Nietzsche was a man he looked at how religion was false and he expressed his thoughts that god was dead. One very famous quote "Hell must be here all the devils are here" - Shakespeare
Post Modern Era:
Things were seen as the point of view of an outsider.
'Black comedy' was introduced turning depressing and serious issues into comedian and laughable situations - Abusrd
existentialism meaning following your own morals and thoughts. This lead to political comedy where people wanting to change something (Dario Fo)
Interaction Features
Discourse - stretches of language.
Pragmatics - What we mean, what speaker wants it to mean.
Modes of address:
Pragmatics - What we mean, what speaker wants it to mean.
Modes of address:
- first name
- title
- Full name
- title and full name
- surname only
- position
- relationship
- honorific
- endearment
- altered name
- nick name
Hedge- a stalling technique to make an utterance more tentative. Gives speaker more time to think when they are unsure of a reaction to an utterance
Hesitations - simple to spot but more difficult to explain in form of effects created. Ellipses in plays are used to show pauses
Overlaps and interruptions- tells you something about the relationships and status of the two characters or speakers.
3 types of utterance :
Inference - we inter what has been uttered by understanding what has gone on before.
presumption - where we assume something before we hear it uttered.
Implicate - where questions are not always that relevant and meaning is implied.
communication is 90% non verbal - inferences are used
Types of exchange
Hesitations - simple to spot but more difficult to explain in form of effects created. Ellipses in plays are used to show pauses
Overlaps and interruptions- tells you something about the relationships and status of the two characters or speakers.
3 types of utterance :
Inference - we inter what has been uttered by understanding what has gone on before.
presumption - where we assume something before we hear it uttered.
Implicate - where questions are not always that relevant and meaning is implied.
communication is 90% non verbal - inferences are used
Types of exchange
- statement
comment
response - Question
answer
comment - request
response
Acknowledgement
Continuers - hands back floor to speaker
Acknowledgement - express agreement with previous turn
news makers - shows speaker turn as news
Question - indicate interest or to clarify
Acknowledgement - express agreement with previous turn
news makers - shows speaker turn as news
Question - indicate interest or to clarify
Forza Italia
The Forza Italia Political Movement was a liberal-conservative, Christian democratic and liberal political party in Italy, with a large social democratic minority, that was led by Silvio Berlusconi, who was four times Prime Minister of Italy.
Forza Italia's aim was to attract intense and moderat voters who were "disoriented, political orphans and who risked being unrepresented" ,especially if the Democratic Party of the Left had been able to win the next election and enter in government for the first time since 1947.
Forza Italia was formed in 1993 by Silvio Berlusconi, a successful businessman and owner of four of the main private television stations in Italy, along with Antonio Martino, Mario Valducci, Antonio Tajani, Marcello Dell'Utri, Cesare Previti and Giuliano Urbani.
Commedia dell’Arte
Commedia dell’Arte (which translates as “theatre of the professional”) began in Italy in the early 16th Century and quickly spread throughout Europe, creating a lasting influence on Shakespeare, Molière, opera, vaudeville, contemporary musical theatre, sit-coms, and improve comedy. The legacy of Commedia includes the first incorporated theatre company, the first European actresses, and many of the themes and story lines still enjoyed by audiences today.
Performances took place on temporary stages, mostly on city streets, but occasionally even in court venues. The better troupes - notably Gelosi, Confidenti, and Fedeli - performed in palaces and became internationally famous once they traveled abroad. Music, dance, witty dialogue, and all kinds of chicanery contributed to the comic effects. .The style of Commedia is characterised by its use of masks, improvisation, physical comedy, and recognizable character types.
Example of farce
No Sex Please, We're British is a British comedic play written by Alistair Foot and Anthony Marriott, first staged in London's West End in 1971
The farce surrounds an assistant bank manager, Peter Hunter, who lives above his bank with his new bride Frances. When Frances innocently sends a mail order off for some Scandinavian glassware, what comes back is Scandinavian pornography. The two, along with the bank's frantic chief cashier Brian Runnicles, must decide what to do with the veritable floods of pornography, photographs, books, films and eventually girls that threaten to engulf this happy couple.
Satire
Satire is used in many works of literature to show foolishness or vice in humans, organizations, or even governments - it uses sarcasm, ridicule, or irony. For example, satire is often used to effect political or social change, or to prevent it.
Satire can be used in a part of a work or it can be used throughout an entire work.
Satire examples from media include:
“Weekend Update” from Saturday Night Live
Satire commonly takes the form of mocking politicians. Consider the following examples of political satire.
First Political Cartoon in America
it was one of the founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, who is credited with creating, and printing the first political cartoon in America. Franklin was attempting to rally support for his plan for an inter-colonial association, in order to deal with the Iroquois Indians at the Albany Congress of 1754.
Franklin’s cartoon depicts a snake, cut into pieces, with each piece representing one of the colonies. The cartoon was published in every newspaper in America, and had a major impact on the American conscience.
The words “Join, or Die” eluded to the Indian threat, but much of the effectiveness of this image was due to a commonly held belief at the time, that a dead snake could come back to life if the severed pieces were placed back together. Franklin’s cartoon effectively grabbed the American peoples minds, and implanted an idea that endured even though the Albany Congress turned out to be a failure.
The image of the snake became the symbol for colonial unification, and was transferred to the colonial battle flag “Don’t Tread on Me”, and became part of the American spirit.
The Forza Italia Political Movement was a liberal-conservative, Christian democratic and liberal political party in Italy, with a large social democratic minority, that was led by Silvio Berlusconi, who was four times Prime Minister of Italy.
Forza Italia's aim was to attract intense and moderat voters who were "disoriented, political orphans and who risked being unrepresented" ,especially if the Democratic Party of the Left had been able to win the next election and enter in government for the first time since 1947.
Forza Italia was formed in 1993 by Silvio Berlusconi, a successful businessman and owner of four of the main private television stations in Italy, along with Antonio Martino, Mario Valducci, Antonio Tajani, Marcello Dell'Utri, Cesare Previti and Giuliano Urbani.
Commedia dell’Arte
Commedia dell’Arte (which translates as “theatre of the professional”) began in Italy in the early 16th Century and quickly spread throughout Europe, creating a lasting influence on Shakespeare, Molière, opera, vaudeville, contemporary musical theatre, sit-coms, and improve comedy. The legacy of Commedia includes the first incorporated theatre company, the first European actresses, and many of the themes and story lines still enjoyed by audiences today.
Performances took place on temporary stages, mostly on city streets, but occasionally even in court venues. The better troupes - notably Gelosi, Confidenti, and Fedeli - performed in palaces and became internationally famous once they traveled abroad. Music, dance, witty dialogue, and all kinds of chicanery contributed to the comic effects. .The style of Commedia is characterised by its use of masks, improvisation, physical comedy, and recognizable character types.
Example of farce
No Sex Please, We're British is a British comedic play written by Alistair Foot and Anthony Marriott, first staged in London's West End in 1971
The farce surrounds an assistant bank manager, Peter Hunter, who lives above his bank with his new bride Frances. When Frances innocently sends a mail order off for some Scandinavian glassware, what comes back is Scandinavian pornography. The two, along with the bank's frantic chief cashier Brian Runnicles, must decide what to do with the veritable floods of pornography, photographs, books, films and eventually girls that threaten to engulf this happy couple.
Satire
Satire is used in many works of literature to show foolishness or vice in humans, organizations, or even governments - it uses sarcasm, ridicule, or irony. For example, satire is often used to effect political or social change, or to prevent it.
Satire can be used in a part of a work or it can be used throughout an entire work.
Satire examples from media include:
“Weekend Update” from Saturday Night Live
- The Daily Show
- The movie Scary Movie
- The movies of Austin Powers
- Most political cartoons in newspapers and magazines
- The songs of Weird Al Yankovic
Satire commonly takes the form of mocking politicians. Consider the following examples of political satire.
First Political Cartoon in America
it was one of the founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, who is credited with creating, and printing the first political cartoon in America. Franklin was attempting to rally support for his plan for an inter-colonial association, in order to deal with the Iroquois Indians at the Albany Congress of 1754.
Franklin’s cartoon depicts a snake, cut into pieces, with each piece representing one of the colonies. The cartoon was published in every newspaper in America, and had a major impact on the American conscience.
The words “Join, or Die” eluded to the Indian threat, but much of the effectiveness of this image was due to a commonly held belief at the time, that a dead snake could come back to life if the severed pieces were placed back together. Franklin’s cartoon effectively grabbed the American peoples minds, and implanted an idea that endured even though the Albany Congress turned out to be a failure.
The image of the snake became the symbol for colonial unification, and was transferred to the colonial battle flag “Don’t Tread on Me”, and became part of the American spirit.